Trắc nghiệm phần đọc đề sắt [125_TEST 24_11-22]

Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was

first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the

iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for

Line    supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it was now

(5)      possible to make cast-iron beams, columns, and girders. During the nineteenth century

further advances were made, notably Bessemer’s process for converting iron into steel,

which made the material more commercially viable.

 

Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far

greater than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed

(10)    more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings had been developed

in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained

concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its

strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron

became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of

(15)    architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.

 

Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types

spawned by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices,

exhibition hall, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its

lack of status. Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential

(20)    of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vaults of medieval

churches and cathedrals. Paxton’s Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great

Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1.848 feet by 408 feet in prefabricated units of

glass set in iron frames. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span

and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle Des Machines, spanning 362 feet,

(25)    and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by

the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural

advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the

more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.

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